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Table of Contents

Detailed Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Approach
	1.1. Problem statement and Research Objectives
	1.2. The Trend toward Environmental Stewardship
	1.3. Scope of Study and Definition of Environmental Stewardship Practices
	1.4. Research Approach
	1.5. Research Uses
	1.6. Disclaimer/Limitation of Liability
Chapter 2: Organizational Environmental Stewardship Practices
	2.1. DOT Environmental Policies and Mission Statements
			Standards and Performance Measures for Environmental Policy Statements
			Approaches to and Highlights from DOT Environmental Policy and Mission Statements
	2.2. Environmental Strategic Planning at Transportation Agencies
		2.2.1 Staying Abreast of Legal and Other Requirements
			On-line Legal and Regulatory Resources
			Mass Highway’s Process for Staying Current on Environmental Requirements
			Standards and Performance Measures for Organizational Awareness of Legal and Other Requirements
		2.2.2 Identifying Environmental Aspects or Impacts of Operations
			Sample EMS Aspects Analysis Format
			Washington State DOT’s Activity/Impact Analysis
			NHDOT’s Process for Identifying Significant Environmental Aspects of Operations—Traffic Bureau
			PennDOT’s Analysis of Environmental Aspects of Operations
			NSW RTA Environmental Assessment of Construction, Operation, and Maintenance Activities
			Standards and Performance Measures for Identifying Environmental Aspects and Impacts
		2.2.3 Organization Wide Strategic Planning for the Environment
			New York State DOT’s Environmental Initiative
			MDSHA Environmental Strategic Plan and Management Systems
			Delaware DOT’s Plan to Support Smart Growth and Implement a “Livable Delaware”
			NCDOT’s Use of Baldrige as an Environmental Management Framework
			Environmental Strategic Planning at PennDOT via the Strategic Environmental Management Program (SEMP)
			New Brunswick, Canada, DOT Strategic Plan and Environmental Protection Plan
			New South Wales, Australia Roads & Traffic Authority Strategic Plan and EMS
			Resources Developed by DOTs for Environmental Management Systems
	2.3. Setting Objectives and Targets & Tracking Environmental Commitments
		2.3.1 Establishing Environmental Objectives and Targets
			MDSHA Environmental Objectives and Targets
			PennDOT’s Targets, Scorecards and Dashboards
			Standards for Establishing Environmental Objectives and Targets
		2.3.2 Environmental Commitment Tracking Through Construction & Maintenance
			DOT “Green Sheets” and the Emergence of Electronic Commitment Tracking Systems
			South Carolina DOT Interdisciplinary Accountability Teams
			New Jersey DOT Environmental Re-evaluation Checklists, Meetings, and Construction Field Reviews
			Kentucky Transportation Cabinet “Communicating All Promises (CAP)”
			Indiana DOT Environmental Compliance Certification
			New York State DOT Environmental Commitment and Obligations Package for Construction (ECOPAC)
			Caltrans’ Environmental Commitment Tracking
			MDSHA Environmental Compliance/Consideration Checklists and Independent Environmental Monitors
			Washington State DOT EMS and Construction Compliance Program
			Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission Database for Tracking Environmental Commitments
			NCDOT Environmental Control Teams, Field Monitoring, and Permits on the Web
			Texas DOT Environmental Tracking System
			Colorado DOT Region 6 Environmental Commitment Tracking Database
			FHWA’s Domestic Scan on Environmental Commitment Implementation and Lessons Learned
	2.4. Environmental Management Systems
		2.4.1 Why EMS for DOTs?
		2.4.2 Benefits of EMS ? Improved Environmental Performance& Predictability
			Improve Environmental Stewardship
			Implement Leadership and Agency Objectives
			Enhanced Credibility with External Stakeholders
			Improved Relationships with Regulatory Agencies
			Improving Compliance and Eliminating Violations
			Streamlining Regulatory Responsibilities
			Cost Savings
			Improving Environmental Performance: Indicators, Protection, and Enhancements
			Economic Incentives, Including Reduced Liability
			Other Organizational/Operational Benefits
			Helping DOTs Respond to the Challenges They Face
		2.4.3 EMS and the ISO 14001 Standard
		2.4.4 Gap Analysis: What Do You Have Already That Could Be Part of an EMS?
		2.4.5 U.S. Resource Centers for EMS Development
	2.5. Operational Controls, Procedures, and Practices
		2.5.1 Procedures and Manuals
			New York State DOT Environmental Handbook for Transportation Operations
			Mass Highway’s Facility Environmental Handbook
			North Carolina DOT BMPs for Construction and Maintenance Activities
			Oregon DOT Right-of-Way BMP Manual
			Standards & Measures for Implementing Environmental Programs & Process Improvements: ISO 14001 Practices
		2.5.2 Standards for Evaluating Procedures
			Standards and Measures for Emergency Preparedness and Response Procedures
			FHWA and AASHTO On-Line Clearinghouse for DOT Specifications
		2.5.3 Construction and Maintenance Decision Support Systems
			Roadkill Data and Habitat Linkage Area Assessment, with Feedback to Design
			Maintenance Facilities Management and Auditing
			Stormwater Facility Evaluation and Prioritization of Improvements
			Culvert and Fish Passage Evaluation and Prioritization of Improvements
			Selection of Appropriate Environmental Measures
			Field Compliance Management
			Roadside Vegetation Management
			Winter Operations
	2.6. Measuring Environmental Performance
			Special Challenges with Environmental Measures
			Individual Performance Accountability
		2.6.1 Program Measures for DOT Environmental Process Improvement Efforts, EMS, and Strategic Plans
			Six Pillars at Oregon DOT
			New York State DOT Initiative Tracking and Participation in State Pollution Prevention Audits
			Maine DOT’s EMS Performance Measures
			North Carolina DOT’s Delegated Sediment and Erosion Control Program
			New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department Environmental Measures
			New Brunswick DOT, Canada, Environmental Measures
			Pennsylvania DOT SEMP Maintenance Performance Measures
			WSDOT’s Maintenance Accountability Process and Environmental Factors
		2.6.2 Measuring Environmental Outcomes
			Washington State DOT’s Success Standards for Wetlands Restoration
			NCDOT’s Ecosystem Enhancement Program
		2.6.3 Utilizing a Combination of Program and Environmental Indicators
			Maryland State Highway Administration Environmental Outcome & Program Performance Measures
			Washington State DOT’s Environmental Indicators and Public Reporting
			State Environmental Agency Reporting on the State of the Environment
			Canada’s Sustainable Transportation Indicators
		2.6.4 Environmental Auditing
			New South Wales Construction Auditing Program
			New Jersey DOT Construction Audits, Contractor Performance Rating System, and Environmental Factors
			New York State DOT Environmental Auditing and Self-Reporting
			Maine DOT’s Environmental Audit Program
			Mass Highway’s Compliance Tracking and Self-Audit Programs
			Mississippi DOT Maintenance Facility Auditing Program
			PennDOT Stockpile Audits and Award Program
			Missouri Contractor Performance Measures and Evaluation
			Standards and Measures of Environmental Performance Audit Programs
			Standards and Measures for Nonconformance Detection and Corrective and Preventive Action
			Standards and Performance Evaluation for Monitoring and Measurement
	2.7. Environmental Staffing, Roles, and Responsibilities
		2.7.1 Clarifying Roles and Responsibilities to Ensure Environmental Performance
			Mass Highway District Environmental Roles and Responsibilities and Associated Training
			PennDOT Environmental Role and Responsibility Identification for SEMP Implementation
			Caltrans Construction Compliance and Stormwater Roles and Responsibilities
		2.7.2 Staffing: Environmental Support for Construction & Maintenance
			Mn/DOT and WSDOT Environmental Staff Supporting Maintenance & Operations
			NCDOT’s Environmental Coordinators in the Field
			Indiana DOT’s Environmental Compliance Coordinator
			Virginia DOT’s Residency Environmental Specialists for Maintenance
			NYSDOT Construction & Maintenance Environmental Coordinators
	2.8. Environmental Training and Certification
		2.8.1 Competency-Based Training Systems
			PennDOT’s Transportation University
			Caltrans Work Breakdown System
		2.8.2 Environmental Training for Construction and Maintenance
			Alabama DOT’s Waste Management and Hazardous Materials Awareness Training
			Oregon DOT Environmental Outreach and Training for Maintenance Staff
			Montana (MDT) Environmental Training for Maintenance Field Staff
			Caltrans Environmental & Equipment Training for Construction and Maintenance
			VTrans Regional Environmental Training Workshops for Construction Staff
			VTrans Environmental Training for Maintenance
			Mississippi DOT Maintenance Training for Facility Environmental Compliance and Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination
			WSDOT Environmental Training for Construction Inspection and Maintenance
			Nova Scotia Department of Transportation & Public Works Short EMS Toolbox Meetings
			WSDOT Training Partnership with Local Governments and Other Transportation Professionals to Deliver Statewide Training and Certification
			KYTC Environmental Leadership Training
			Contractor Outreach and Training
		2.8.3 Train the Trainer Programs
			PennDOT’s Instructor Development Program for Internal Subject Experts
			NYSDOT’s Training Pipeline for Environmental Coordinators, Construction, & Maintenance Staff
			Qualities to Consider in Identifying and Growing Good Instructors
		2.8.4 Recommended Practices in Implementing Adult Learning Programs that Benefit Construction and Maintenance
			Tailgate Resources: Pocket Guides and Bulletins
			Standards and Measures for Training, Awareness, and Competency Programs
		2.8.5 On the Job Training? Promoting Continuous Learning in the Workplace
		2.8.6 Contractor Certification Programs
			Virginia DOT Specification and Certification for Erosion Control Contractors
			Maine’s Voluntary Contractor Certification Program
			WSDOT Partnership with AGC to Deliver Statewide Training and Certification
			Iowa DOT Certification for Construction Inspection, Material Testing, and Spill Prevention
			Certifications Provided by Private Associations
		2.8.7 Sources of Training, Materials, and Information
			State Transportation Agency Training Programs
			Pooled Fund Cooperative (SICOP) and On-Line Programs
			Transportation Curriculum Coordination Council
			National Highway Institute
			Local Technology Assistance Centers
			University Transportation Research Centers
			Listservs
	2.9. Regional DOT Stewardship Practice Exchange & Discussion
Chapter 3: Designing for Environmental Stewardship in Construction & Maintenance
	3.1. Beyond Mitigation: Projects to Achieve Environmental Goals
		3.1.1 Environmental Betterments and Dual Purpose Projects
			Dual Purpose Projects at Caltrans
			NYSDOT’s Guidelines and Procedures for Environmental Betterments
		3.1.2 Maintaining or Improving the Natural Environment as Transportation is Built
		3.1.3 Cultural Resource Enhancement Efforts
	3.2. Context Sensitive Design/Solutions
		3.2.1 State DOT CSD/CSS Policies, Plans, Guidelines, Agreements, Training, and Examples
		3.2.2 Context Sensitive Design/Solutions References and Resources
		3.2.3 Designing for Rapid Construction/Renewal
	3.3. Avoiding Impacts to Historic Sites
		3.3.1 Archaeological Sites
	3.4. Designing to Accommodate Wildlife, Habitat Connectivity, and Safe Crossings
		3.4.1 Identifying Locations for Wildlife Crossings
		3.4.2 Monitoring Wildlife Crossings
		3.4.3 Wildlife Crossing Research, Resources, and Techniques
		3.4.4 State DOT Initiatives to Address Wildlife Habitat Connectivity Needs in Planning and Design
			Maine DOT Initiatives to Limit Disruption of Habitat and Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality
			Caltrans Interchange Removal and Partnership to Identify and Address Habitat Connectivity Needs
			Florida DOT Partnership to Determine and Prioritize Connectivity Needs and Contribute to “Green Infrastructure”
			New Hampshire DOT’s Pilot Project for Identifying Habitat Connectivity and Wildlife Crossing Needs
			Maryland SHA’s Net Gain Wetland Mitigation Policy & Contribution to Regional Restoration/Connectivity Goals
			VTrans Habitat Connectivity Training
			VTrans Habitat Linkage Area Assessment
		3.4.5 Maintenance and Management of Created, Modified, or Restored Habitat
	3.5. Culverts and Fish Passage
		3.5.1 Forms of Stream Crossings
		3.5.2 Bridges versus Culverts
		3.5.3 Potential Adverse Impacts of River and Stream Crossings
		3.5.4 Stream Crossing Design Considerations
			Collecting Adequate Survey Information
			Designing for Target Species
			Avoiding Channel Constriction
			Energy Dissipation at Culvert Exits
			Other Hydraulic Considerations
			Mitigating Fish Passage Effects through Culvert Design Modifications
			Measures for Non-Embedded Culverts
			Other General Recommendations
		3.5.5 Design Methods for New and Replacement Culverts
			Active Channel Design Method
			Stream Simulation Design Method
			Hydraulic Design Method
			Structural Design and Flood Capacity
		3.5.6 Culvert Evaluation for Fish Passage and Ranking for Remediation Efforts
		3.5.7 DOT Practice and Design Guidance for Culvert Installation, Design, and Prioritization for Fish Passage
			Alaska Programmatic Agreement for Fish Passage Improvements
			Maine DOT’s Fish Passage Policy and Design Guide
			Oregon DOT Culvert Retrofit and Replacement Program Agreement
			WSDOT Fish Passage Improvements on a System and Project-by-Project Basis
			MDSHA Incorporates Stream Morphology Concepts in Culvert Design
			Alberta Transportation Practices and Measures for Protection of Fish & Aquatic Ecosystems
		3.5.8 Resource Agency and Other Design Guidance for Fish Passage
		3.5.9 Post-Construction Evaluation and Long Term Maintenance and Assessment
	3.6. Stream Restoration and Bioengineering
		3.6.1 Planning Considerations for Stream Restoration and Bioengineering
			Information Requirements
		3.6.2 Coordination and Communication on Bioengineering Projects
		3.6.3 Available Guidebooks and Research in Progress
		3.6.4 Bioengineering Technique Selection
		3.6.5 Bank Protection and Stabilization Techniques
			Riprap
			Gabions
			Toe Protection
			Vegetated Concrete Blocks
			Live Crib Walls
			Root Wads
			Live Staking
			Large Woody Debris
			Live Fascines
			Brush Layering or Branch Packing
			Brush Mattresses
			Coir Fiber Logs
			Ditch Lining, Turf Reinforcement Mats, and Geocellular Containment Systems
			Other Vegetative Streambank Stabilization and Bank Protection Practices
			Borrow
			Drains and Trenches
			Wire Mesh/Cable Net Slope Protection
		3.6.6 River Training and Channel Rehabilitation Techniques
			Grade Control Structures
			Log and Check Dams
			Flow Deflection/Concentration Practices
			Stream Deflectors
			Vanes
			Bendway Weirs
			Boulder Placement In-Stream for Habitat Creation
			Other Flow Redirection Techniques
		3.6.7 Stream Restoration Evaluation and Monitoring
	3.7. Design Guidance for Stormwater and Erosion & Sedimentation Control
			Federally Sponsored Stormwater BMP Manuals
			Guidance on Low Volume Road Design
			State Sponsored Stormwater BMP Manuals
	3.8. Drainage Ditches, Berms, Dikes, and Swales
			Design and Construction Considerations and Practices for Ditches, Dikes, and Swales
			Slope Diversions for Intercepting Stormwater
			Level Spreaders
	3.9. Design for Sustainable, Low Maintenance Roadsides
		3.9.1 Pre-Construction Soil Considerations
			Plans, Specifications, and Estimate (PS&E) for Soil Preparation
		3.9.2 Planning for Native Vegetation and Consistent Roadside Design
			WisDOT Uses STURRA to Fund the Ongoing Use and Preservation of Native Plants
			WSDOT’s Roadside Classification Plan
		3.9.3 Designing for Salt Resistant Vegetation
	3.10. Designing to Reduce Snow, Ice, and Chemical Accumulation
		3.10.1 Designing Roads to Minimize Snow Drift
		3.10.2 Designing Snow Fences
			Snow Fence Site Design and Placement Tools
			Plastic Snow Fence Research Results
			Living Snow Fence
		3.10.3 Designing Drainage to Minimize Anti-Icing and Deicing Impacts to Natural Resources
			Structural Roadside BMPs to Control Deicing and Anti-Icing Chemical and Abrasive Laden Runoff
		3.10.4 Snow Disposal and Snow Storage Site Design
			Control of Chloride through Detention and Dilution
			Control of Particulates and Subsequent Mobilization of Metals and PAHs
			Environmental Stewardship Practices in Design and Operation of Snow Storage Sites
	3.11. Designing to Minimize Air Quality Problems
		3.11.1 Center for Environmental Excellence by AASHTO Air Quality Resources
		3.11.2 New England Governors & Eastern Canadian Premiers Greenhouse Gas Reduction Initiatives
		3.11.3 Promoting Carpooling and Transit
			Georgia DOT HOV Land Promotion
			Virginia DOT Commuter Choice Program
			Transit Promotion Activities
		3.11.4 Promoting Telecommuting
		3.11.5 Bicycling Promotion Activities
			Virginia DOT Bicycle Facility Guidelines
			NCDOT Commitment to Integrating Bicycle and Walking into Transportation System and Long-Range Plan
			Maryland DOT Bicycle Safety and Operations Guidelines
			TAC Bicycle Traffic Pavement Marking Guidelines
		3.11.6 ITS Facilitated Air Quality Improvement in Ohio and Kentucky
		3.11.7 Funding for Air Quality Improvement: The Congestion Mitigation & Air Quality Program (CMAQ)
			CMAQ Strategy Cost Per Pound of Emissions Reduced
			State DOT CMAQ Measures and Strategies
			Strategies to Enhance the Role of State DOTs in Supporting Cost-Effective Alternative Mode Strategies
		3.11.8 Tree Shading for Emissions Reduction
	3.12. Design and Specification for Recycling
		3.12.1 The Growing Need for and Importance of Waste Minimization and Recycling
		3.12.2 Common Recycling Applications in the U.S. and Europe
		3.12.3 General Recommendations for DOTs with Regard to Recycling and Waste Management
		3.12.4 Life Cycle Cost-Benefit Analysis
		3.12.5 Areas for Recycling Applications
		3.12.6 Specifications for Recycled Materials in Transportation Applications
	3.13. Designing to Minimize Noise
		3.13.1 Noise Effects and Regulation
			Effects of Highway Noise on People
			Effects of Noise from Roads on Birds and Terrestrial Wildlife
			Effects of Noise from Pile Driving during Construction
		3.13.2 Designing for Roadway/Traffic Noise Source Control
			Pavement Alterations to Reduce Roadway Noise
			Traffic Noise Barriers
			Receptor Controls
			Noise Reduction Resources, Research, and Research Needs
	3.14. Lighting Control/Minimization
		3.14.1 Public and DOT Interest in Lighting Control/Minimization
		3.14.2 Environmental Impacts of Overlighting
		3.14.3 Recent and Upcoming Guides in Lighting Design
		3.14.4 Common Lighting Approaches and Deciding How Much Light Is Enough
			Arizona DOT Research to Improve Lighting Practices
			Comparison of Lighting Sources, Issues, and Costs
			Florida DOT’s Coastal Roadway Lighting Manual
			Lighting Environmental Stewardship Practices
			FDOT’s Embedded Roadway Lighting Study
			Caltrans Light Minimization Efforts
			Tennessee DOT Light Reduction and Maintenance Cost Savings
	3.15. Design for Sustainability and Energy Conservation
			New York City Transit’s Green Building and Design for the Environment Programs
			Design for Efficient Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning of Facilities
			Design for Lighting Conservation
	3.16. Safety Rest Areas, Traveler Services, and Parking Area Design
		3.16.1 Planning for Conservation in Rest Area Design
			Vegetated/Bioinfiltration Swales in Parking Facility Design
			Permeable Pavements
			Porous Concrete Pavement
Chapter 4: Construction Practices for Environmental Stewardship
	4.1. General Construction Site Stewardship Practices
	4.2. Work Area
		4.2.1 Preparing Access and Staging Areas
		4.2.2 Construction Phasing, Sequencing, or Acceleration
		4.2.3 Preserving Local Fish and Wildlife through Attention to Timing Restrictions
		4.2.4 Accelerated Construction
		4.2.5 Pre-Contract and Pre-Construction Activities
	4.3. Construction Involving Historic Properties and/or Other Cultural Resources
		4.3.1 Common Procedures Established for Construction in Areas Involving Historic Properties or Other Cultural Resources
		4.3.2 Discovery of Historic Properties or Other Cultural Resources During Construction
	4.4. Construction in and around Drainage Areas and Streams, Wetlands, and Other Environmentally Sensitive Areas
		4.4.1 Wetlands and Riparian Areas
		4.4.2 Vegetation Protection
		4.4.3 Fish & Wildlife Protection
			Migratory Birds, including Bald Eagles
			Removal of Beaver Dams
		4.4.4 Stewardship Considerations to Avoid Watercourse Contamination
		4.4.5 State Resources and Fact Sheets for Stream Crossings
		4.4.6 Erosion Control in Environmentally Sensitive Areas
	4.5. Erosion and Sedimentation Control
		4.5.1 Regulatory Requirements
			Preventing the Imposition of Numeric Effluent Limits
			Programmatic Approaches to Standards Attainment
			Construction Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan – Considerations & Components
		4.5.2 Manuals for Stormwater and Erosion & Sedimentation Control
		4.5.3 Procedural Management Practices for Water Quality
		4.5.4 Dewatering and Managing the Watercourse
			Dewatering
			Flow Diversion